TFL Vsebine / Revija Pravnik

7

Avtorji obravnavajo pomen načela in testa sorazmernosti pri posegih v človekove pravice s poudarkom na pravici do svobodne gospodarske pobude. Načelo sorazmernosti določa meje dopustnih omejitev, test sorazmernosti pa zagotavlja metodološki okvir za presojo njihove ustavnosti. Čeprav ga pravni akti omenjajo le bežno, je v sodni praksi (od nemškega Zveznega ustavnega sodišča do Sodišča EU in ESČP) postal ključno merilo presoje. Kritike opozarjajo na nevarnost formalizma in subjektivnosti, toda njegova uporaba omogoča tehtno uravnoteženje javnega interesa s pravicami posameznikov in podjetij. Čeprav je umeščena v poglavje o gospodarskih in socialnih razmerjih, je svobodna gospodarska pobuda v Sloveniji človekova pravica. ESČP varuje gospodarske dejavnosti prek pravice do lastnine in zahteva pravično ravnotežje, Sodišče EU pa sorazmernost razvija kot splošno načelo prava EU, z različno strogostjo presoje glede na področje. Primerjava slovenskih zadev Oklešen in Interzero ponazori, da lahko ureditev, ki je sprejeta brez prehodnih rešitev ali možnosti sodelovanja, posameznikom naloži nesorazmerno breme in je posledično vprašljiva z vidika skladnosti z ustavnimi in evropskimi standardi.

The article explores the role of the principle and test of proportionality in limiting human rights, with particular emphasis on economic rights. The principle of proportionality delineates the boundaries of legitimate restrictions, while the proportionality test provides a structured methodology for assessing their constitutionality. Although mentioned only briefly in legislative texts, proportionality has evolved in case law—ranging from the German Federal Constitutional Court to the CJEU and the ECtHR—into a central standard of judicial review. While critics caution against the risks of formalism and subjectivity, its application facilitates a reasoned balancing between public interests and the rights of individuals and enterprises. In Slovenia, despite being formally situated within the chapter on economic and social relations, economic freedom is treated as a human right, subject to strict proportionality review. The ECtHR protects economic activity primarily through the right to property and the requirement of a fair balance, whereas the CJEU applies proportionality as a general principle of EU law, adjusting the intensity of review according to the context. A comparison of the Slovenian cases Oklešen and Interzero illustrates that a regulation adopted without transitional measures or opportunities for participation may impose a disproportionate burden on individuals and is therefore questionable in terms of its compatibility with constitutional and European standards.

The Principle of Proportionality in Restrictions on Economic Freedom