TFL Vsebine / Zbornik znanstvenih razprav

Nedavni družinski migracijski tokovi v EU so pomembni in zahtevajo posebno pozor-nost. Migracije lahko vplivajo na zakonsko zvezo, oblike partnerstev in sobivanja ter lah-ko celo spremenijo notranjo družinsko dinamiko odnosov. Ključno vprašanje je pojem družinskega člana. Napolniti ga je namreč treba z novo vsebino, tako da bo odražal bo-gato kulturno raznolikost in mobilnost. Doslej je bil prevladujoči pravni pristop restrik-tiven in evrocentričen. Sorodstvene vezi, ki so pravno priznane v nekaterih nacionalnih pravnih sistemih zunaj EU, v EU niso priznane. Cilj prispevka je okrepiti razumevanje pomena pojma družinski član in predlagati širšo pravno formulacijo. Na teoretični ravni je pojem migrantskega družinskega člana obravnavan glede na razlikovanje med statu-som civitatis (oziroma državljanstvom) in statusom personae (oziroma osebnosti, pravne subjektivnosti), ob upoštevanju povezanih vprašanj človekovih pravic. V zvezi s tem je zaradi čedalje večje prisotnosti muslimanskega prebivalstva v EU še zlasti zanimiva anali-za posebnega položaja – mednarodne kafale, starševskega pokroviteljstva, ki ga omogoča islamsko družinsko pravo. Vprašanje, povezano s sorodstvenimi vezmi in posvojitvijo, je za islamske migrantske družine, ki živijo v EU, problematično, saj Koran prepoveduje posvojitev. Kafala je glede na svoj etimološki pomen opredeljena kot prostovoljna zave-zanost (kafil) osebe k prevzemu odgovornosti za potrebe, vzgojo in varstvo mladoletnega otroka, ki je izgubil družino (makfoul). Avtor opozori na pomembne razlike v primerjavi s posvojitvami: makfoul nima niti priimka kafila niti ne pridobi dednih pravic; poleg tega za kafalo ni ovir za sklenitev zakonske zveze. Prispevek obravnava tudi premoženjska vprašanja v zvezi s kafalo. Glede na možno razširitev pojma družinskega člana, ki bi vključeval prenos kafale v neislamske države, je obravnavana tudi s tem institutom povezana sodna praksa Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice in Sodišča EU in tudi s tem povezane mednarodne konvencije. Ta kompleksna analiza pripelje do popolnega preoblikovanja pravnega modela družine in še zlasti pojma družinski član. Tradicionalno evrocentrično družinsko strukturo je treba preseči s prožnejšim in dinamičnejšim modelom družine, ki lahko izpolni zahteve večkulturne družbe. Taksonomska analiza različnih oblik družinskih odnosov je tako zdaj nujna.

Recent family migration flows in the EU are significant and require specific attention. Migration can alter marriage, couple models, forms of cohabitation and can even redefine internal family relational dynamics. A crucial issue is a notion of “family member” itself. This notion needs to be reconsidered to reflect the rich cultural diversity and mobility. So far, the prevailing approach in law has been tendentially restrictive and Eurocentric. Family relationships that are legally recognised in some national legal systems outside the EU are not recognised in the EU. This article is aimed at understanding better the meaning of the concept of “family member” and eventually at proposing a broader legal formulation. On the theoretical plane the notion of migrant “family member” will be considered in relation to the distinction between statuscivitatis (or citizenship) and statuspersonae (or personality, legal subjectivity), taking into account related human rights issues. In this regard, due to the growing presence of Muslim population in the EU, the analysis of a specific situation is of particular interest: the international kafala, a parental sponsorship provided in Islamic family law. The issue related to filiation and adoption is problematic for Islamic migrant families who live in the EU, as the Qu’ran prohibits adoption. Kafala, according to its etymological meaning, is defined as a voluntary per-son’s (kafil) commitment to take charge of the needs, upbringing and protection of a minor child deprived of his/her family (makfoul) . Significant differences with regard to adoption will be pointed out: the makfoul will not carry the surname of the kafil, nor acquire inheritance rights; furthermore, impediments to marriage are not established for kafala. Patrimonial issues related to kafala will be taken into account as well. In the perspective of possible enlargement of the notion of “family member”, consisting on the transposing of kafala in non-Islamic countries, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and of the Court of Justice in the matter of kafala will be considered, as well as the related international conventions. This complex analysis will lead to a com-plete rethinking of the legal model of the family, aimed at the reformulation of the same notion of “family member”. The traditional Eurocentric family structure needs indeed to be overcome by a more flexible and dynamic model of the family, that can meet the demands of a multicultural society. Taxonomical analysis of the different forms of family relations represents now a necessity.