TFL Vsebine / Pravni letopis

Ta članek povzema in sistematizira dosedanjo pravnoekonomsko literaturo s področja garancije za brezhibno delovanje prodane stvari in dodajajoč nekatere nove vpoglede podaja priporočila, komentarje ter kritično analizira slovensko ureditev obvezne garancije in jamčevanja za stvarne napake. Glavni izsledki so: 1) obstoječa ureditev je vir neučinkovitosti, saj onemogoča konkurenco, signaliziranje kakovosti (informacij) in s tem alokacijsko učinkovitost, ter vir moralnega hazarda, oportunizma in negativne selekcije; 2) je vir povsem nepotrebnih transakcijskih stroškov, saj so prodajalci in proizvajalci za sporočanje kakovosti prisiljeni v drugačno, dražje zagotavljanje potrebnih informacij; 3) ne služi zavarovalni funkciji, saj prodajalec v trenutnem sistemu zavaruje kupca za popolnoma vsa tveganja; 4) obvezna garancija zaradi problema dvostranskih spodbud sama po sebi ne zagotavlja kakovosti stvari – primernejši je sistem kogentnega jamčevanja za stvarne napake in prostovoljne garancije; in 5) sedanjo ureditev bi bilo treba odpraviti in uvesti učinkovitejši sistem kogentnega varstva potrošnika z odgovornostjo za stvarne napake, ki bi bil nadgrajen z možnostjo prostovoljne garancije.

This article systematizes law and economics literature on the compulsory warranties for consumer goods and critically examines Slovenian regulation of compulsory warranties and guarantee for material defects of sold goods. The main propositions are as follows: (1) existing legislation hinders competitions, signaling of quality (information) and allocative efficiency, causes moral hazard, opportunism and adverse selection (market for lemons problem) and is hence a source of inefficiencies; (2) current legislation also needlessly increases transaction costs, since sellers are, in order to signal the quality of their products, induced to employ other costly signaling mechanisms; (3) insurance function of warranties is not performed since seller insures buyer for all possible risks; (4) due to the bilateral precaution problem compulsory warranty does not warrant adequate, desirable level of quality – optional guaranteeing for material defects and voluntary warranty is a preferable option; and finally (5) current legislation should be amended and changed towards a more efficient system of mandatory protection of consumers for material defects of goods combined with optional voluntary guaranty.

Compulsory or Voluntary Legal Warranty for Non-Conformity of Goods