TFL Vsebine / Revija Pravnik

5

Mladoletniško pravosodje se je razvijalo v različnih oblikah, od povsem socialno usmerjenega do pravičnostno usmerjenega pristopa. V zadnjem času so bili uvedeni elementi restorativne pravičnosti in otrokovih pravic, deloma zaradi gibanj za človekove pravice, ki so podprla oblikovanje standardov pri Združenih narodih (Konvencija o otrokovih pravicah), Svetu Evrope (ERJOSSM 2008) in Evropski uniji (na primer Direktiva 2016/800). V preteklih desetletjih je naraščal tudi vpliv kaznovalne miselnosti, čeprav je upad stopenj mladoletniške kriminalitete, zlasti nasilnih kaznivih dejanj, ublažil ta kaznovalni preobrat. Nekatere države so se uspešno ubranile pred »kaznovalnimi okužbami« in ohranile zmerno mladoletniško pravo, osredotočeno na preusmeritev in vzgojne alternative namesto kaznovanja. Slovenija je ena takih držav, ki se je kaznovalnemu preobratu široko upirala. Zmeren pristop Slovenije je bil očiten že v času Jugoslavije, zlasti v primerjavi z njenimi sosedami (na primer Srbijo). Vpliva profesorice Alenke Šelih pri spodbujanju zmernega kazenskega okolja ni mogoče podcenjevati. Nova reforma v Evropi in ZDA je širitev obsega mladoletniškega pravosodja na mlade odrasle do 21 let ali celo več (Nizozemska: 23). Ta reformno gibanje in praksa temeljita na novih nevroznanstvenih dokazih o zorenju možganov, pa tudi na razvojnih in socioloških dokazih o prehodu iz otroštva v odraslost. Slovenija je bila, tako kot Nemčija, ena od predhodnic pri upoštevanju uporabe mladinskih pravosodnih ukrepov za mlade odrasle. Čeprav je težko primerjati različne sisteme glede na učinke in učinkovitost, je mogoče prepoznati nekatere dobre prakse z uporabo standardov človekovih pravic kot merila.

Youth justice has evolved in various forms, spanning from a purely welfare- oriented to a justice-oriented approach. Recently, elements of restorative justice and children’s rights have been implemented, partly due to human rights movements underpinning the standard setting of the UN (Children’s Rights Convention), the Council of Europe (ERJOSSM 2008), and the European Union (e.g., the Directive 2016/800). The past decades have also seen an increasing influence of punitive thinking, though the decline of juvenile crime rates, particularly violent crimes, has moderated this punitive turn. Some countries have successfully resisted “punitive infections” and maintained a moderate juvenile law focused on diversion and educative alternatives instead of punishment. Slovenia is one such country, widely resisting a punitive turn. The Slovenian moderate approach was evident during Yugoslavian times, especially when compared to its neighbours (e.g., Serbia). The influence of Professor Alenka Šelih in fostering a moderate penal climate cannot be underestimated. A new reform development in Europe and the US is the expansion of the scope of youth justice to include young adults up to 21 years or even beyond (the Netherlands: 23). This reform movement and practice is based on new neuro- science evidence on brain maturation, as well as developmental and sociological evidence concerning the transition from childhood to adulthood. Slovenia, like Germany, was one of the forerunners in considering the application of youth justice dispositions for young adults. Although it is challenging to compare different systems in terms of effects and efficiency, some good practices can be identified by referring to human rights standards as a benchmark.

Youth justice – European and International Developments