TFL Vsebine / Revija Pravnik

7

Ustava Republike Slovenije ni edini materialni ustavni akt v slovenskem ustavnem redu. To je še Temeljna ustavna listina, poleg nje pa bi lahko po stališču Ustavnega sodišča in teorije ustavodajalec, če bi tako želel, sprejel tudi materialni ustavni zakon, ki bi ločeno od Ustave razčlenjeval ustavno materijo. V članku zagovarjam stališče, da praviloma ni tako. Ustava in Poslovnik Državnega zbora ne urejata pravne podlage za sprejem materialnega ustavnega zakona: ne kot sistemskega akta za redno razčlenjevanje ustavne materije in prav tako tudi ne za posebne in posamične primere. Za ta namen v Sloveniji poznamo kvalificirani in navadni zakon. To obliko akta za urejanje tvarine Ustava predpisuje v več kot 80 členih. Zadržano urejanje razmerij na ustav- ni ravni je priporočljivo tudi z vidika zagotavljanja koherentnosti ustavnega reda. Slabosti, ki so lastne tehniki amandmiranja ustave, ravno tako niso tuje ustavnemu redu, ki ustavno materijo razčlenjuje z materialnimi ustavnimi zakoni. Pojavijo se lahko neskladja in kolizije med ustavnimi normami, ki jih je z interpretacijo težko razrešiti, v skrajnem primeru pa celo vzporedni ustavni sistemi. Navedeno občutno zmanjša pravno varnost in predvidljivost, oslabi lahko tudi stabilnost ustavne ureditve.

The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia is not the only substantive constitutional act within the Slovene constitutional order. Another one is the Basic Constitutional Charter, while the constitutional body could, according to the Constitutional Court and legal theory, also adopt the Substantive Constitutional Act, which would regulate constitutional matters separately from the Constitution. The article takes the view that this is generally an erroneous assumption. The Constitution and Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly do not regulate the legal basis for adopting the Substantive Constitutional Act: neither as a framework act for regulating constitutional matters nor for special and individual cases (e.g. for a specific field or in the event of legitimate reasons). For this purpose, the Slovene competent authorities refer to legislative acts that are adopted by a qualified or (more commonly) by a simple majority. This act form is prescribed in more than 80 Articles of the Constitution. The retained regulation of relations on the constitutional level is also advisable from the perspective of ensuring the coherence of the constitutional order. Weaknesses typical for the technique of changing the constitution by amendments are also common in constitutional orders that regulate various constitutional matters with the help of substantive constitutional acts. This can lead to disparities and collisions between the constitutional norms, which are difficult to solve by means of interpretation, or in extreme cases, even to parallel constitutional systems. This considerably reduces legal security, predictability and can also weaken the stability of the constitutional order.

The Substantive Constitutional Act Within the Slovene Constitutional Order