TFL Vsebine / Pravni letopis

Za moderno dobo je bilo značilno razumevanje, da monopol države nad uporabo sile pomeni tudi monopol nad ustvarjanjem prava. To je bila tako imenovana monistična paradigma prava. Za 21. stoletje pa je značilna pluralna resničnost prava. Zakon je veliko širši od države. Pravo je družbeni pojav. Ko pravo razumemo skozi pluralistično paradigmo prava, je mogoče reči, da je formalno pravo države le eden od zelo pomembnih vidikov pojma prava. Na državo in pravo je treba gledati na podlagi razlikovanja med konceptoma suverenosti in avtonomije. Koncept avtonomije kot tvorec objektivnega prava se razlikuje od koncepta zasebne avtonomije, razumljene kot izvrševanje subjektivne pravice. Koncept avtonomije, kot je obravnavan v tem prispevku, je veliko širši od koncepta, ki ga je razvilo javno pravo v 20. stoletju in je omejen na avtonomijo javnih subjektov. Avtonomija v tem prispevku zajema tudi avtonomijo nedržavnih institucij. Suvereno pravo države obstaja hkrati z avtonomnimi pravili nedržavnih organizacij. Pravo ni reducirano na s strani države postavljeno pravo. Vsebuje tudi druga pravna pravila, ki jih opisujem kot normativna pravna pravila in materialna pravna pravila. Formalnopravna pravila določi država in obsegajo tako zakone kot tudi sodno prakso. V okviru materialnopravnih pravil je empirično pravo tisto pravo, ki v dokumentih, praksi, odločitvah in zunajdržavnih normah ureja konkreten primer, neodvisno od državne zakonodaje. Na ravni normativnopravnih pravil obstajajo splošno priznane človekove pravice. Človekove pravice so merilo za mednarodno veljavnost prava. Veljavnost državnega prava (raven formalnopravnih pravil) in pravni pluralizem (raven materialnopravnih pravil) temeljita na univerzalnih človekovih pravicah.

The modern era was characterized by the understanding that the State’s monopoly on the use of force also implied a monopoly on the production of law. This was the so-called monist paradigm of law. The plural reality of law is a fact in the 21st Century. The law is much broader than the State. Law is a social phenomenon. When understanding law from the pluralist paradigm of law, it is possible to say that the State’s formal law is just one, quite important, aspect of the concept of law. The theme of the State and law can currently be seen from the distinction between the concepts of sovereignty and autonomy. The concept of autonomy, as the creation of an objective law, differs from that of private autonomy, understood as the exercise of a subjective right. The concept of autonomy, as discussed here, is much broader than the concept developed by public law in the 20th century, restricted to the autonomy of public entities. By autonomy we also mean here the autonomy of non-state institutions. The sovereign law of the State coexists with several autonomous laws of non-state organizations. Law is not reduced to the formal legal rationality of the State. It also comprises other rationalities, which I describe as normative legal rationality and material legal rationality. Formal legal rationality is the place of state legal production, understood both in its legislative activity (statute) and jurisprudence (decisions of state courts). Within the scope of material legal rationality there is empirical law, that law which, contained in documents, practices, decisions and extra-state norms, regulates the concrete case independently of state legislation. At the level of normative legal rationality, there are universally recognized human rights. Human rights are the criterion for the interlegal validity of law. The validity of state law (level of formal legal rationality) and legal pluralism (level of material legal rationality) is based on universal human rights.

State and law in today’s world. A brief approach